LB 018-020T 怡萱

The situation for primates and man in particular is not completely clear. Although regeneration is also amyotypic and coordination is either permanently disarranged or at least always remains poor, some central nervous system mechanisms seem to have developed in those forms that enable the individual to make some secondary, partial readjustment. Perhaps this new learning is based on more complex cortical activities- possibly those that are experienced by man as will – but these speculations still lack empirical evidence.

尤其是靈長類動物和人的狀況尚未完全清楚。雖然再生也是amyotypic與協調性永久混亂或總是留下貧乏的混亂，一些中樞神經系統的機制似乎已制定在這些形式，使個人能夠提出一些次要的和局部的調整。或許這一新的學習是基於更為複雜的大腦皮質活動，藉由人的經驗有可能是好的-但這些猜測仍然缺乏實證。

The picture would not be complete without at least a superficial reference to the sensory disarrangement brought about by extracorporeal distortions, such as vision through wearing distorting lenses or prisms. Man, and a variety of lower forms, can learn quickly to make a number of adaptive corrections for these distortions (Kohler, 1951). However, the adjustment is not complete. In adjusting motor coordination to distorted visual input, it is essential that the individual goes through a period of motor adaptation, and there is cogent evidence that this is required for a physiological reintegration between afferent and efferent impulses and not simply to provide the subject with “knowledge” of the spatial configurations (Held and Hein, 1958), (Smith and Smith, 1962). Furthermore, man’s cognitive adjustment to visually distorted environment is never complete. Subjects who wear image-inverting goggles soon come to perceive the world right-side-up (through as the beginning it was seen upside down). But even after many weeks of relative adjustment, they experience paradoxical sights such as smoke from a pipe falling download instead of rising upward or snowflakes going up instead of coming down.

至少沒有從表面提到感覺紊亂所帶來的體外扭曲，該圖片將不會是完整的，如通過佩戴隱形眼鏡或棱鏡而視覺扭曲。人們，以及各種較低的形式，可以迅速學習去做出一些適應性來更正這些扭曲（科勒， 1951年） 。然而，調整尚未完成。在調整動作協調，以歪曲的視覺輸入，重要的是，個別經過一段馬達的適應，並有令人信服的證據證明，這是一種重新傳入和傳出之間的衝擊以生理恢復的需要，而不僅僅是提供的“知識“主題的空間配置（海德和海因， 1958年） ， （史密斯和史密斯， 1962 ） 。此外，人的視覺認知調整扭曲的環境是永遠不會完成。主題是帶著圖像反相的護目鏡，去感受即將到來右側向上的世界（通過的開始它被認為頭是朝下） 。但即使在許多個星期的相對調整，他們的經驗自相矛盾的視覺，如煙霧從管道下降而不是上升或雪花上升而不是下降。

The over-all conclusion that must be drawn from the disarrangement experiments are first, that motor coordination (and certain behavior patterns dependent upon it) is driven by a rigid, unalterable cycle of neurophysiological events inherent in a species’ central nervous system; second, that larval, fetal, or embryonic tissues lack specialization; this enables these tissues to influence one another in such a way as to continue to play their originally assigned role despite certain arbitrary peripheral rearrangements. Because of this adaptability, species-specific motor coordination reappears again and again regardless of experimentally switched connections. Third, as tissues become more specialized- both in ontogeny and in phylogeny- the adaptability and mutual tissue influence disappears. Therefore, in higher vertebrates peripheral disarrangements cause permanent discoordination. Finally, with advance of phylogenic history, ancillary neurophysiological mechanisms appear which modify and at times obscure the central and inherent theme- the cyclic driving force at the root of simple motor coordination. More complex storage devices (memories) and inhibitory mechanisms are examples.

全面性的結論，即必須先從未安排的實驗描繪，動作協調（取決於它的某些行為模式）是僵硬的，像是不可改變的週期神經生理活動中，其中所固有物種的中樞神經系統;第二，那幼蟲，胎兒或胚胎組織缺乏專業化，這使這些組織影響專業化的另一種方式，儘管某些周邊重新排列，還是繼續發揮其原來分配的作用。由於這有這樣的適應性，不論開關連接與否，物種的具體動作協調會重新出現一次又一次的實驗，第三，隨著組織變得更加專業，無論在個體發育和系統發育，適應性和相互組織的影響力消失。因此，在更高階的脊椎動物系統的周邊混亂造成永久性不協調。最後，推動生物進化系統的歷史，輔助神經生理機制的出現，去修改生理機制、有些在不明顯中央和固有的主題-簡單的動作協調的循環動力根源。更複雜的存儲設備（記憶）和抑制機制就是這些例子。

With the emergence of more specialized brains, the nature of behavior-specificity changes. Although it would be an inexcusable oversimplification to say that behavior, in general, becomes more or less specific with phylogenetic advance, there is perhaps some truth in the following generalizations. In the lower forms, there seems to be a greater latitude in what constitutes an effective stimulus, but there is a very narrow range of possible responses. Pattern perception, for instance, is poorly developed so that an extremely large array of stimulus configurations may serve to elicit a certain behavior sequence, and thus there is little specificity in stimulability. However, the motor responses are all highly predictable and are based on relatively simple neuromuscular correlates; thus there is high degree of response specificity. With advancing phylogeny, the reverse seems to become true. More complex pattern perception is correlated with greater stimulus specificity and has a wider range of possible motor responses, that is, less response specificity. However, both of these trends in decreasing and increasing specificity are actually related to greater and greater behavioral and ecological specialization. Taxonomists will be quick to point out countless exceptions to these rules. Evolution is not so simple and can never be brought to confirm to a few formulas. The statement here is merely to the effect that such trends exist and that, generally speaking, specificity both in stimulation and in responsiveness changes throughout the history of life.

隨著更專業的大腦的出現，行為特異性的性質改變。雖然這將是一個無法辯解簡單化地行為說法，在一般情況下，在系統發育提前或多或少變得更加具體，也許在以下的概括性的論述中有一些的道理可循。在較低階層的形式中，這似乎意味著有更大的自由度去構成一種影響性的刺激，但能採取對策範圍很狹窄。模式的知覺，例如，發展不足以致於，這樣一個相當大的陣列配置的刺激可能有助於引起某些行為排列，因此很少有特異性的刺激反應。然而，動力的反應都是高度可預測性，並基於相對的簡單神經肌肉相關性;因此，有特異性的高度反應。隨著系統發生，相反的系統似乎成為真實高度的反應。更為複雜的模式知覺是與更大的刺激特異性相關的和有更廣泛可能的機動反應範圍，也就是更少特異性的反應。但是，這兩種趨勢在下降和特異性的增加，越來越多的特異性在實際上涉及越來越大的行為和生態專業化。分類學家很快指出這些規則中無數例外。演變並非如此簡單，可以從來沒有被幾個公式所確認。此聲明這裡僅僅是其影響這種趨勢存在，一般來說，特異性均在刺激和反應性變化中遍及歷史的生命。


In the vast majority of vertebrates, functional readjustment to anatomical rearrangement appears to be totally impossible. Even if the animal once “knew how” to pounce on prey, peripheral-central disarrangement will permanently incapacitate the animal from pursuing the necessities for its livelihood. If the primate order should indeed be proven to be an exception to this rule- and there is little evidence of this so far- then we would have to deal with phenomenon as an extreme specialization, whose details and consequences are yet to be investigated. There is such less modifiability for those coordination patterns which constitute species-specific behavior than is usually realized, and we must keep in mind that most behavioral traits have species-specific aspects.


在絕大多數的脊椎動物中，重新整理解剖的功能調整看來似乎是完全不可能的。即使動物一度“知道如何”會撲到獵物，外圍中心的混亂會使永久使去能力的動物的追求生活的必然性。如果靈長類秩序應該證明是一個例外，而且到目前為止沒有證據證明這一點，那麼我們將應該處理的是一個極端的特殊化，其細節和結果有待調查。如此少變性的協調模式構成物種行為通常比我們認知到的還要少，我們必須記住，有明確物種的方向是最具行為特點的。


This statement is not contradicted by the great variety of arbitrary behavior that is produced by training. Pressing a bar in a cage, pecking at a red spot, jumping into the air at the signal of a buzzer (in short, the infinity of arbitrary tricks an animal can be made to perform) do not imply that we could train individuals of one species (for example, common house cats) to adopt the identical motor behavior patterns of another, such as that of a dog. Although there is perfect homology of muscles, we cannot train a cat to wag its tail with a dog’s characteristic motor coordination. Nor can one induce a cat to vocalize on the same occasions a dog vocalizes instinctively, for instance, when someone walks through the backyard. Just as an individual of one species cannot transcend the limits to behavior set by its evolutionary inheritance, so it cannot make adjustments for certain organic aberrations, particularly those just discussed. The nearly infinite possibility of training and retraining is a sigh of the great freedom enjoyed by most mammals in combining and recombining individual traits, including sensory and motor aspects. The traits themselves come from a limited repertoire, are not modifiable, and are invariably species-specific in their precise motor coordination and general execution.

由重要任意行為所產生培養的變體，這種說法並不矛盾。在籠子中擁擠的阻礙裡，紅斑在啄食，蜂鳴器的信號在空氣中跳躍（總之，使用任意策略至無限遠，一種動物都可以去執行）並不意味著我們可以培養個人的物種（例如，普遍的家貓）另一個物種去採取相同的動作行為模式，像是狗。雖然有完善的肌肉的同源性我們寧然不能培養出貓像狗一樣可以搖尾巴的特徵及其動作協調。也不能誘使貓發聲，在同一場合狗也會誘發發聲本能，例如，當某人走過後院。正如個別的物種不能超越它的的界限，以確定其進化行為的本質，因此不能作出調整某些器官變體，尤其是那些剛剛討論到的部份。幾乎以無限的培養的可能性和再培養一項偉大的自由驚嘆從中享有的最多哺乳動物的組合和重新組合的個人特徵，包括感覺和運動方面。特性本身來自一個有限的演奏曲目，是無法限定的，在其必然確切的動作協調和一般動作執行。

In Goethe’s words, addressing a developing being:

Nach dem Gesetz, wonach du angetreten.
So musst du seyn, dir kannst du nicht entfliehen,
So sagten schon Sibyllen, so Propheten;
Und jeine Zeit und keine Macht zerstűckelt
Georägte Form, die lebend sich entwichelt.


用歌德的話來敘述，追求發展中國家的生存：

Nach dem Gesetz, wonach du angetreten.
So musst du seyn, dir kannst du nicht entfliehen,
So sagten schon Sibyllen, so Propheten;
Und jeine Zeit und keine Macht zerstűckelt
Georägte Form, die lebend sich entwichelt.



*According to the law that summoned thee.
Thus must thou be, thy own thou canst not flee.
Thus spake the sibyls, thus the prophets:
And neither time nor might can deviate
Imprinted from alive developing.