18 Controlled and Mechanical Properties

18.1Experimental approch

A.many of the properties encoded in the target pronunciation are manifested in the temporal domain
B.most of these properties are language-specific and are not phonetic universals resulting from vocal tract constraints
C. these effects are used by listeners in speech perception
D. perception constrains motor strategies, intended properties will be rescaled in duration across different rate and prosodic variations

18.2 Vowel Nasalization
Vowel Nasalization in American English /PDF 6-10 August 2007